Heat Stress as a Barrier to Successful Reproduction and Potential Alleviation Strategies in Cattle

In recent decades, the adverse effects of global warming on all living beings have been unanimously recognized across world. A high environmental temperature that increases respiration and rectal cattle is called heat stress (HS), it can affect both male female reproductive functions. For successful reproduction fertilization, mature healthy oocytes are crucial; however, HS reduces developmental competence oocytes, which compromises reproduction. disturbs hormonal balance plays a crucial role in reproduction, particularly reducing luteinizing hormone progesterone levels, leads to severe problems such as poor follicle development with poor-quality oocyte related maturity, silent estrus, abnormal or weak embryo development, pregnancy loss, resulting declining rate losses for industry. Lactating susceptible and, hence, their substantially reduced. Additionally, bulls also affected by HS; during summer, semen quality sperm motility decline, leading compromised conception reduced 20–30% worldwide. Although various techniques, provision water sprinklers, shade, air conditioning, used these methods insufficient recover normal therefore, special attention needed improve efficiency minimize detrimental effect summer. The application advanced technologies production embryos vitro, cryopreservation hot season, transfer, timed artificial insemination may livestock